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GH-41240: [Release][Packaging] Use Debian bookworm for uploading binaries (#41241)

### Rationale for this change

Debian bullseye will reach EOL on 2024-07:
https://wiki.debian.org/DebianReleases

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use bookworm instead.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes. I used this for 16.0.0 RC0.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #41240

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>