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GH-37582: [Go][Parquet] Implement Float16 logical type (#37599)



### Rationale for this change

There is an active proposal for a Float16 logical type in Parquet (https://github.com/apache/parquet-format/pull/184) with C++/Python implementations in progress (https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/36073), so we should add one for Go as well.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- [x] Adds `LogicalType` definitions and methods for `Float16`
- [x] Adds support for `Float16` column statistics and comparators
- [x] Adds support for interchange between Parquet and Arrow's half-precision float

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes

* Closes: #37582

Authored-by: benibus <bpharks@gmx.com>
Signed-off-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>