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GH-40680: [Java] Test JDK 22 in CI (#41038)

### Rationale for this change

JDK 22 is released. Let's ensure Arrow java CI tests this version successfully.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add JDK 22 to CI

### Are these changes tested?

Tested by CI jobs

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #40680

Authored-by: Dane Pitkin <dane@voltrondata.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>