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GH-36669: [Go] Guard against garbage in C Data structures (#36670)



### Rationale for this change

Prevent hard to debug crashes when using Go code with other code via C Data Interface.

### What changes are included in this PR?

In the C Stream Interface implementation, jump through a trampoline that zeroes the out parameters before letting Go see them.

Note that this can only guard against the issue when the C Stream Interface is used. 

Also, fix other issues in the C Data Interface tests with invalid pointers and uninitialized memory that were turned up by the new test here (because it calls `runtime.GC` very frequently).

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

**This PR contains a "Critical Fix".**
* Closes: #36669

Lead-authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>