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GH-43815: [CI][Packaging][Python] Avoid uploading wheel to gemfury if version already exists (#43816)

### What changes are included in this PR?

Check whether version exists on gemfury before trying upload

### Are these changes tested?

Will be tested via archery

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #43815

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>