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GH-34552: [C++][Parquet] Sync parquet.thrift from upstream (#34553)

### Rationale for this change

The parquet.thrift file has been updated with various comments to minimize confusion or misuse about crc, page padding, and NaN handling. These are essential guidelines for recent changes in the parquet-cpp. Therefore it is a good time to sync this file. 

In addition, the generated sources were built with thrift 0.13. We should rebuild them with latest thrift tool to embrace modern cpp.

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Update `parquet.thrift` file from latest `apache/parquet-format` repo.
- Build it with thrift 0.17.

### Are these changes tested?

Make sure all tests pass.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #34552

Authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Will Jones <willjones127@gmail.com>