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ARROW-12602: [R] Add BuildInfo from C++ to arrow_info

I had to leave C++ flags out of the print function because they were too long and messed up the output but one could still access them with `arrow_info()$build_info$cpp_compiler_flags`.

Current Output:

```
> arrow_info()
Arrow package version: 4.0.0.9000

Capabilities:

dataset    TRUE
parquet    TRUE
s3         TRUE
utf8proc   TRUE
re2        TRUE
snappy     TRUE
gzip       TRUE
brotli    FALSE
zstd       TRUE
lz4        TRUE
lz4_frame  TRUE
lzo       FALSE
bz2       FALSE
jemalloc   TRUE
mimalloc   TRUE

Memory:

Allocator jemalloc
Current    0 bytes
Max        0 bytes

Runtime:

SIMD Level          avx2
Detected SIMD Level avx2

Build:

C++ Library Version                            5.0.0-SNAPSHOT
C++ Compiler                                              GNU
C++ Compiler Version                                    9.3.0
Git ID               7bbfb41980d467188c96983050b06c697e0e46ee
```

Output with compiler flags left in...

```
> arrow_info()
Arrow package version: 4.0.0.9000

Capabilities:

dataset    TRUE
parquet    TRUE
s3         TRUE
utf8proc   TRUE
re2        TRUE
snappy     TRUE
gzip       TRUE
brotli    FALSE
zstd       TRUE
lz4        TRUE
lz4_frame  TRUE
lzo       FALSE
bz2       FALSE
jemalloc   TRUE
mimalloc   TRUE

Memory:

Allocator jemalloc
Current    0 bytes
Max        0 bytes

Runtime:

SIMD Level          avx2
Detected SIMD Level avx2

Build:

C++ Library Version                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            5.0.0-SNAPSHOT
C++ Compiler                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              GNU
C++ Compiler Version                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    9.3.0
C++ Compiler Flags   -fvisibility-inlines-hidden -std=c++17 -fmessage-length=0 -march=nocona -mtune=haswell -ftree-vectorize -fPIC -fstack-protector-strong -fno-plt -O2 -ffunction-sections -pipe -isystem /home/pace/anaconda3/envs/conbench2/include -fdiagnostics-color=always -fuse-ld=gold -O3 -DNDEBUG
Git ID                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               7bbfb41980d467188c96983050b06c697e0e46ee
```

Closes #10200 from westonpace/feature/ARROW-12602--r-add-buildinfo-from-c-to-arrow_info

Lead-authored-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>