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ARROW-15538: [C++] Expanding coverage of math functions from Substrait to Acero (#14434)

This PR adds the following functionality to Acero/Substrait consumer

1. Support for logarithmic functions.
2. Support for power, sqrt, exp, abs, sign.
3. Implements exp kernel.

Lead-authored-by: Rok Mihevc <rok@mihevc.org>
Co-authored-by: drabastomek <drabas.t@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>