arrow

GH-36672: [Python][C++] Add support for vector function UDF (#36673)



### Rationale for this change
In Arrow compute, there are four main types of functions: Scalar, Vector, ScalarAggregate and HashAggregate.

Some of the previous work added support for Scalar, ScalarAggregate(https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/35515) and HashAggregate(https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/36252). I think it makes sense to add support for vector function as well to complete all non-decomposable UDF kernel support.

Internally, we plan to extend Acero to implement a "SegmentVectorNode" which would use this API to invoke vector on a segment by segment basis, which will allow to use constant memory to compute things like "rank the value across all rows per segment using a python UDF".

### What changes are included in this PR?
The change includes is very similar to the support for aggregate function, which includes code to register the vector UDF, and a kernel that invokes the vector UDF on given inputs.

### Are these changes tested?
Yes. Added new test.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
Yes. This adds an user-facing API to register the vector function. 

* Closes: #36672

Authored-by: Li Jin <ice.xelloss@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Li Jin <ice.xelloss@gmail.com>