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GH-43197: [C++][AzureFS] Ignore password field in URI (#44220)

### Rationale for this change

Other Azure Blob Storage based filesystem API implementations don't use password field in URI.

We don't use it too for compatibility.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Ignore password field.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

**This PR includes breaking changes to public APIs.**
* GitHub Issue: #43197

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>