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GH-36492: [CI][Python] Add Ubuntu 22.04 nightly build (#36480)

Ubuntu 22.04 is the most recent LTS version.
It also has recent enough gRPC packages, so Flight will be enabled and tested on this platform.

* Closes: #36492

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>