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GH-36154: [JS][CI] Use `jest` cache in CI (#36373)



### Rationale for this change

Use the cache of `test` to reduce test time.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use `jest` cache with `actions/cache@ v3`.

### Are these changes tested?

In GitHub Actions, test time was reduced.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

* Closes: #36154

Authored-by: abetomo <abe@enzou.tokyo>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>