arrow

GH-37929: [Python] begin moving static settings to pyproject.toml (#41041)

### Rationale for this change

To migrate Arrow to modern Python packaging standards, see [PEP-517](https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/) and [PEP-518](https://peps.python.org/pep-0518/). 
* GitHub Issue: #37929

This PR focuses on migrating the static settings, the metadata and version, to pyproject.toml. Future PRs will migrate more of the build process to pyproject.toml.

Lead-authored-by: anjakefala <anja.kefala@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Joris Van den Bossche <jorisvandenbossche@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>