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ARROW-1401: [C++] Add ARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT option

This can be enabled in release or debug builds. The result is slightly longer compile times and larger binaries. The resulting error messages are effectively a crude stack trace, see:

```
Out of memory:
/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc:281 code: Reserve(length)
/home/wesm/code/arrow/cpp/src/arrow/builder.cc:250 code: ArrayBuilder::Resize(capacity)
ArrayBuilder::Resize
```

We may be able to do better with glog, but this should help for debugging

Author: Wes McKinney <wes.mckinney@twosigma.com>

Closes #1042 from wesm/ARROW-1401 and squashes the following commits:

9d6f4d31 [Wes McKinney] Do not call constructor directly
a0731022 [Wes McKinney] Add to Travis CI
ca6291f2 [Wes McKinney] Add ARROW_EXTRA_ERROR_CONTEXT option with file/line numbers/code