arrow

GH-43228: [C++] Fix Abseil compile error on GCC 13 (#43157)

### Rationale for this change

When trying to compile Arrow with GCC 13, it fails due to ABSEIL missing a `<cstdint>` include, this PR addresses the issue by adding the missing include.

There have been past reports for this issue too: https://github.com/apache/arrow/issues/36969 

This is a more minimal fix that tries to avoid the complexity of previous attempts like  https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/43147 and https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/37066 which involved updating Abseil and facing additional issues to fix.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add the missing include when GCC>=13

### Are these changes tested?

They are tested by the existing compile infrastructure and testsuite and by adding a new GCC-13 based CPP test environment for bundled builds.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No, all behaviours should remain the same
* GitHub Issue: #43228

Lead-authored-by: Alessandro Molina <alessandro@molina.fyi>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>