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GH-39973: [C++][CI] Disable debug memory pool for ASAN and Valgrind (#39975)



### Rationale for this change

Disable debug memory pool for ASAN and Valgrind so that they can detect more subtle memory issues regarding to buffer tail bytes.

### What changes are included in this PR?

1. Add a `none` option to debug memory pool env var to make other things slightly easier.
2. Change `*_test.sh` scripts to conditionally set debug memory pool env var.
3. Top-level docker compose change to pass none to debug memory pool env var for ASAN and Valgrind.

### Are these changes tested?

The CI should cover it well.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* Closes: #39973

Authored-by: Ruoxi Sun <zanmato1984@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>