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GH-34523: [C++] Avoid mixing bundled Abseil and system Abseil (#35387)

### Rationale for this change

If we use a CMake target that provides the same include path for system Abseil in advance of a CMake target for bundled Abseil, header files for system Abseil are used.

It causes a link error when system Abseil and bundled Abseil are incompatible.  

### What changes are included in this PR?

Use a CMake target for bundled Abseil as early as possible.
 
### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* Closes: #34523

Lead-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>