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ARROW-13326: [R] [Archery] Add linting to dev CI

This does three things:

  * Adds a linting step to the dev workflow that uses {lintr} to check that the R package lints correctly
  * Adds an autotune step that uses {styler} to autostyle R code such that it should then lint fine
  * Makes the slew of changes needed for the package to lint cleanly — there's a huge delta here, but it is almost all whitespace changes

Given the wide-reaching nature of these changes, it does already conflict with changes we've merged in. I am happy to go through, rebase, fix all that needs to be fixed and then merge quickly so we don't continue conflicting once we decide this is a good way to go. Though it would be helpful to do this once and only after we all agree this is a good step forward.

Closes #10805 from jonkeane/ARROW-13326-r-linting

Authored-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>