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GH-42130: [GLib] Fix building gir files with MSVC (#42131)

### Rationale for this change

This is a blocker for #41885

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Adds `*_AVAILABLE_IN_ALL` macros to generated enum functions
* Defines `*_COMPILATION` variables when compiling C code, not just C++
* Fixes checking for MSVC in version.h to work when compiling C code as well as C++ code
* Sets the PATH variable to allow loading required dlls when running the binary generated by g-ir-scanner

### Are these changes tested?

Yes (build is run in CI)

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #42130

Authored-by: Adam Reeve <adreeve@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>