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GH-37702: [Java] Add vector validation consistent with C++ (#37942)

### Rationale for this change
Make vector validation code more consistent with C++. Add missing checks and have the entry point
be the same so that the code is easier to read/write when working with both languages.

### What changes are included in this PR?
Make vector validation more consistent with Array::Validate() in C++:
* Add validate() and validateFull() instance methods to vectors.
* Validate that VarCharVector and LargeVarCharVector contents are valid UTF-8.
* Validate that DecimalVector and Decimal256Vector contents fit within the supplied precision and scale.
* Validate that NullVectors contain only nulls.
* Validate that FixedSizeBinaryVector values have the correct length.

### Are these changes tested?
Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No.
* Closes: #37702

Authored-by: James Duong <duong.james@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>