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GH-38893: [R] Fix printf syntax in altrep.cpp (#38894)

### Rationale for this change

We have CI errors and CRAN check errors on R-devel, where the appropriate attribute for printf format checking was just added.

### What changes are included in this PR?

The appopriate types are now used for printf parameters.

### Are these changes tested?

Covered by existing tests

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #38893

Authored-by: Dewey Dunnington <dewey@voltrondata.com>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>