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ARROW-16104: [Packaging] Add support for Ubuntu 22.04

This also includes a follow-up change for LLVM 14 support by ARROW-16105/#12782.

Closes #12780 from kou/ubuntu-22.04

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>