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ARROW-14421: [C++] Implement Flight SQL

Implement Flight SQL in C++ and Java, and add the protocol definitions.

This is a combination of multiple pull requests, merged into one branch before merging into master.

Closes #10906 (ARROW-12922).
Closes #11507 (ARROW-14421).
Closes #11989 (ARROW-15112).
Closes #12021 (ARROW-15187).
Closes #12035 (ARROW-15198).

Closes #12013 from apache/flight-sql

Lead-authored-by: Rafael Telles <rafael@telles.dev>
Co-authored-by: Abner Eduardo Ferreira <abenaru@protonmail.ch>
Co-authored-by: James Duong <duong.james@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jose Almeida <almeidajcr90@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Juscelino Junior <juscelinojunior@id.uff.br>
Co-authored-by: Kyle Porter <kporter@dremio.com>
Co-authored-by: Ryan Nicholson <rnicholson@dremio.com>
Co-authored-by: Vinicius Fraga <sxvinifp@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: tifflhl <tiffanylamhl@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>