arrow

GH-41691: [Doc] Remove notion of "logical type" (#41958)

In several places in the Arrow specification and documentation we use the term "logical types", but we don't use it consistently and we don't actually have physical types (only physical layouts) to contrast it with. This creates confusion for readers as it is not immediately clear whether all data types are "logical" and if there is a meaningful distinction behind our usage of this term.

Also address GH-14752 by adding a table of data types with their respective parameters and the corresponding layouts.

* GitHub Issue: #41691

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>