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GH-39343: [C++][FS][Azure] Add client secret auth configuration (#39346)



### Rationale for this change
Client is a useful Azure authentication

### What changes are included in this PR?
Implement `AzureOptions::ConfigureClientSecretCredential`

### Are these changes tested?
Simple unittest

### Are there any user-facing changes?
Client secret auth is now supported on the Azure filesystem. 

* Closes: #39343

Authored-by: Thomas Newton <thomas.w.newton@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>