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GH-39017: [JS] Add `typeId` as attribute (#39018)

### Rationale for this change

Support reconstructing `DataType` after `postMessage`.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Make `typeId` an attribute, not a getter.

### Are these changes tested?

Passes all existing tests.

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### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

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<!-- **This PR contains a "Critical Fix".** -->
* Closes: #39017