arrow

GH-34788: [Python][Packaging][CI] Drop Python 3.7 support (#36061)

### Rationale for this change

Python 3.7 is End of Support on 27th June 2023. We can drop support for pyarrow 13.0.0.
See: https://endoflife.date/python

### What changes are included in this PR?

Remove support for 3.7. Update minimum required Python version and update some CI jobs to use the minimum Python supported version

### Are these changes tested?

They will be tested via Archery

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes in terms of not supporting older versions of Python. This will be a breaking change for some users but not for the API itself
* Closes: #34788

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>