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GH-45178: [CI] Remove clcache related codes (#45182)

### Rationale for this change

We don't use clcache anymore.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Remove clcache related codes in files except `CHANGELOG.md`:

```console
$ git grep clcache
CHANGELOG.md:* [ARROW-3167](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-3167) - [CI] Limit clcache cache size
CHANGELOG.md:* [ARROW-2231](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-2231) - [CI] Use clcache on AppVeyor for faster builds
CHANGELOG.md:* [ARROW-2238](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/ARROW-2238) - [C++] Detect and use clcache in cmake configuration
ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2019.dockerfile:# ENV CLCACHE_DIR="C:\clcache"
ci/docker/python-wheel-windows-vs2019.dockerfile:# RUN pip install git+https://github.com/Nuitka/clcache.git
ci/scripts/python_wheel_windows_build.bat:    -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=clcache ^
docker-compose.yml:  python-wheel-windows-clcache:
docker-compose.yml:    name: python-wheel-windows-clcache
docker-compose.yml:      - "${DOCKER_VOLUME_PREFIX}python-wheel-windows-clcache:C:/clcache"
docker-compose.yml:      - "${DOCKER_VOLUME_PREFIX}python-wheel-windows-clcache:C:/clcache"
```

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45178

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>