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MINOR: [CI][C++] Make ASan job faster (#35738)

ASAN + UBSAN massively increase the generated code size.

The default compile cache size (1 GB) wasn't sufficient to hold all generated outputs, therefore the cache hit rate would be close to 0% (a cached object would be evicted before the first time it could be requested again).

Also, save 5GB in the build directory by disabling static libraries.

Authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>