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PARQUET-1678: [C++] Provide classes for reading/writing using input/output operators

This commit adds two classes to the parquet namespace:
- StreamReader
- StreamWriter

These classes can be used to read/write values to Parquet data files
using a stream based approach using C++ input/output operators.

The goal is to make it easy to read/write data for applications which
deal with streams of data i.e. they do not have all data available in
order to create each complete column of data.

Checks are done at runtime to ensure that the types of variables
supplied when reading/writing match the schema.  Any difference
detected will result in a ParquetException being thrown.

Please see the
examples/parquet/parquet-stream-api/stream-reader-writer.cc file to
see how these classes can be used.

Closes #5699 from gawain-bolton/PARQUET-1678_stream_api and squashes the following commits:

458e409ad <gawain.bolton> PARQUET-1678:  Provide classes for reading/writing using input/output operators

Authored-by: gawain.bolton <gawain.bolton@cfm.fr>
Signed-off-by: Wes McKinney <wesm+git@apache.org>