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PARQUET-2323: [C++] Use bitmap to store pre-buffered column chunks (#36649)

### Rationale for this change

In https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PARQUET-2316 we allow partial buffer in parquet File Reader by storing prebuffered column chunk index in a hash set, and make a copy of this hash set for each rowgroup reader.

In extreme conditions where numerous columns are prebuffered and multiple rowgroup readers are created for the same row group , the hash set would incur significant overhead. 

Using a bitmap instead (with one bit per column chunk indicating whether it's prebuffered or not) would be a reasonsable mitigation, taking 4KB for 32K columns.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Switch from a hash set to a bitmap buffer.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes, passed unit tests on partial prebuffer.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

Lead-authored-by: jp0317 <zjpzlz@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jinpeng <zjpzlz@163.com>
Co-authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>