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ARROW-16673: [Java] Integrate C Data into allocator hierarchy (#14506)

- Document some of the memory management internals
- Note that in practice, you have to use the concrete implementations of certain interfaces
- Begin integrating C Data into the full memory management stack instead of trying to patch it in at the edges

Authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>