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GH-39872: [Packaging][Ubuntu] Add support for Ubuntu 24.04 Noble Numbat (#39887)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 24.04 isn't released yet but it seems that Docker image is already available.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Add jobs for Ubuntu 24.04.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* Closes: #39872

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>