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ARROW-15245: [Go] Address most of the staticcheck linting issues.

Closes #12074 from zeroshade/arrow-15245-staticcheck

Lead-authored-by: Matthew Topol <mtopol@factset.com>
Co-authored-by: Matt Topol <zotthewizard@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Matthew Topol <mtopol@factset.com>