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PARQUET-2109: [C++] Check if Parquet page has too few values

Column reader uses the values reported in the page header to gauge
if there are more values left to read. However, corrupted page headers
might overstate the number of values. This can cause an infinite loop
when reading a column when doing something like:
while(reader.HasNext()) {
  reader.ReadBatch(...);
}

Ideally HasNext() would return false in these cases, but that seems
non-trivial. Instead, we change ReadBatch to throw an exception in these
cases.

Closes #11984 from tachyonwill/batch_loop_bug

Authored-by: William Butler <wab@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>