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GH-45096: [C++] Apply a cstdint patch to bundled Thrift for GCC 15 (#45097)

### Rationale for this change

Apache Thrift misses `#include <cstdint>` for `int64_t`: https://github.com/apache/thrift/pull/3078
GCC 15 requires it.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Apply https://github.com/apache/thrift/pull/3078 only with GCC 15.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #45096

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>