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GH-38814: [C++][Parquet] Update parquet.thrift to sync with 2.10.0 (#38815)

### Rationale for this change

Apache Parquet has just released its format version 2.10.0: https://parquet.apache.org/blog/2023/11/20/2.10.0/. We need to update parquet.thirft and its generated source files to be in sync.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update parquet.thirft and its generated source files.

### Are these changes tested?

Make sure all tests pass.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

I don't think so.
* Closes: #38814

Authored-by: Gang Wu <ustcwg@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: mwish <maplewish117@gmail.com>