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GH-43134: [C++] Upgrade bundled google-cloud-cpp to 2.22.0 (#43136)

### Rationale for this change

`google_cloud_cpp_mocks` depends on `GTest::gmock_main` but it's built without `BUILD_TESTING`. google-cloud-cpp finds GoogleTest only with `BUILD_TESTING`.

### What changes are included in this PR?

The recent google-cloud-cpp doesn't build `google_cloud_cpp_mocks` without `BUILD_TESTING`.

Note that we can't use 2.23.0 or later because they can't be built with MinGW-w64. See also:
* https://github.com/mingw-w64/mingw-w64/issues/49
* https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-cpp/issues/14436

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #43134

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>