arrow

GH-34094: [C++] Increase Boost minimum version for clang >= 16 (#34100)

### Rationale for this change

Build fails with older Boost on Clang >= 16

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No our dependency management will download the required Boost version if it is not installed on the system.
* Closes: #34094

Lead-authored-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: Neal Richardson <neal.p.richardson@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>