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GH-38363: [Release][CI] Omit tests for main/maintenance branches on RC branch (#38365)

### Rationale for this change

Tests of deb package names for the following patterns are only for main/maintenance branches:

* `dev/release/post-11-bump-versions.sh 14.1.0 15.0.0` (minor release -> major release)
* `dev/release/post-11-bump-versions.sh 14.0.1 15.0.0` (patch release -> major release)

### What changes are included in this PR?

Omit these patterns.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* Closes: #38363

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>