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GH-40570: [CI] Default environment to Ubuntu 22.04 instead of 20.04 (#44151)

### Rationale for this change

Ubuntu 20.04 will be end of standard support on April 2025. Ubuntu 22.04 and 24.04 have been already released.

We should make our default .env to UBUNTU=22.04.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update .env default to Ubuntu 22.04 and a couple other minor updates to use Ubuntu 22.04

### Are these changes tested?

Yes

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* GitHub Issue: #40570

Lead-authored-by: "Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>"
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Co-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>