arrow

GH-41402: [CI][R] Update our backwards compatibility CI any other R 4.4 cleanups (#41403)

### Rationale for this change

Keep up with the state of the world, ensure we are maintaining backwards compatibility.

Resolves #41402

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Bump to 4.4 as the release
* Remove old 3.6 jobs now that we no longer support that; clean up code where we hardcode things fro 3.6 and below
* Move many of our CI jobs to [rhub's new containers](https://github.com/r-hub/containers). We were accidentally running stale R devel (from December 2023) because the other rhub images stopped being updated. (One exception to be done as a follow on: #41416)
* Resolve a number of extended test failures

With this PR R extended tests should be all green with the exceptions of:

* Two sanitizer jobs (test-fedora-r-clang-sanitizer, test-ubuntu-r-sanitizer) — which are being investigated / fixed in #41421
* Valgrind — I'm running one last run with a new suppression file. 
* Binary jobs — these work but fail at upload, see https://github.com/apache/arrow/pull/41403#discussion_r1582245207
* Windows R Release — failing on main, #41398

### Are these changes tested?

By definition.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

* GitHub Issue: #41402

Lead-authored-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jacob Wujciak-Jens <jacob@wujciak.de>
Signed-off-by: Jonathan Keane <jkeane@gmail.com>