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GH-39707: [Java] Enable local build cache for Maven/Java build (#39708)

### Rationale for this change

This change has two main benefits:

#### Enabling local build caching

Enabling local build cache can speed up builds that occur on the same machine by skipping the execution of certain deterministic goals, such as Java compilation, when no change has occurred. 

In the future, [https://ge.apache.org](ge.apache.org) will support remote build caching as well so that results can be shared between builds (e.g. ephemeral CI build agents).

#### Enabling build scans

This change enables the publishing of build scans of the Apache Arrow project to the Develocity instance at [ge.apache.org](https://ge.apache.org/), hosted by the Apache Software Foundation and run in partnership between the ASF and Gradle. This Develocity instance has all features and extensions enabled and is freely available for use by the Apache Arrow project and all other Apache projects. Currently, Maven-built projects such as [Pulsar](https://ge.apache.org/scans?search.buildToolType=maven&search.rootProjectNames=*Pulsar*&search.timeZoneId=America%2FChicago), [IoTDB](https://ge.apache.org/scans?search.buildToolType=maven&search.rootProjectNames=*iotdb*&search.timeZoneId=America%2FChicago), [Ozone](https://ge.apache.org/scans?search.buildToolType=maven&search.rootProjectNames=*ozone*&search.timeZoneId=America%2FChicago), and others are using this instance.

On this Develocity instance, Apache Arrow will have access not only to all of the published build scans but other aggregate data features such as:

- Dashboards to view all historical build scans, along with performance trends over time
- Build failure analytics for enhanced investigation and diagnosis of build failures
- Test failure analytics to better understand trends and causes around slow, failing, and flaky tests

### What changes are included in this PR?

- Adds the [Develocity Maven Extension](https://docs.gradle.com/enterprise/maven-extension/) to enable local caching
- Publishes build scans to [ge.apache.org](https://ge.apache.org) from CI builds and authenticated local builds
- Adds the [Common Custom User Data Maven Extension](https://github.com/gradle/common-custom-user-data-maven-extension) to enhance build scans with more metadata

### Are these changes tested?

No (these changes are for the build and do not affect the code)

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #39707

Authored-by: Clay Johnson <cjohnson@gradle.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>