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GH-39163: [C++] Add missing data copy in StreamDecoder::Consume(data) (#39164)

### Rationale for this change

We need to copy data for metadata message. Because it may be used in subsequent `Consume(data)` calls. We can't assume that the given `data` is still valid in subsequent `Consume(data)`.

We also need to copy buffered `data` because it's used in subsequent `Consume(data)` calls.

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add missing copies.
* Clean up existing buffer copy codes.
* Change tests to use ephemeral `data` to detect this case.
* Add `copy_record_batch` option to `CollectListener` to copy decoded record batches.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.

* Closes #39163 
* Closes: #39163

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>