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GH-44455: [C++] Update vendored date to 3.0.3 (#44482)

### Rationale for this change

IANA tzdata changed its data format. So we need to update vendored date to parse it.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Update vendored date to 3.0.3.

Update script is added. So all our changes are automated now.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #44455

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>