arrow

GH-43062: [Go] Use calloc instead of malloc (#43052)

### Rationale for this change
Relates to https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/issues/1931 where we think we may somehow be exposing the Go GC to bad Go pointers due to uninitialized memory.

### What changes are included in this PR?
Use calloc instead of malloc in a few places (or use malloc and clear the memory before returning to Go).

### Are these changes tested?
N/A

### Are there any user-facing changes?
No
* GitHub Issue: #43062

Authored-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: David Li <li.davidm96@gmail.com>