arrow

GH-34619: [C++] Add extension array handling to ArraySpan conversion (#34684)

### Rationale for this change

The take kernel would generate a segmentation fault when used on an extension array with a dictionary storage type.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Conversion to/from ArraySpan now uses the storage type to determine if it needs to assign a dictionary

### Are these changes tested?

I added unit tests that verify ArraySpan round trip for most types, including an extension dictionary type (and verified this test fails without the fix).

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No
* Closes: #34619

Authored-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Weston Pace <weston.pace@gmail.com>