arrow

GH-41333: [C++][CMake] Prefer protobuf-config.cmake to FindProtobuf.cmake (#41360)

### Rationale for this change

`protobuf::libprotobuf` provided by `FindProtobuf.cmake` (provided by CMake) may not provide needed dependencies such as Abseil.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Try `protobuf-config.cmake` provided by Protobuf before `FindProtobuf.cmake`.
`protobuf::libprotobuf` provided by `protobuf-config.cmake` must have needed dependencies.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes.
* GitHub Issue: #41333

Authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>