arrow

GH-27919: [CI][C++] Add a nightly job to test offline build (#44721)

### Rationale for this change

If we have a nightly CI job to test offline build, we will be able to notice that offline build support is broken. 

### What changes are included in this PR?

* Add the `ARROW_OFFLINE` option that uses `cpp/thirdparty/download_dependencies.sh` and disable DNS resolution
* Add `ubuntu-cpp-bundled-offline` service that enable the `ARROW_OFFLINE` option
* Add `test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline` nightly job

### Are these changes tested?

Yes.

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No.
* GitHub Issue: #27919

Lead-authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <raulcumplido@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@cozmixng.org>
Co-authored-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <kou@clear-code.com>