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GH-15171: [C++] Pass std::string_view by value (#33684)

# Which issue does this PR close?

Closes #15171. 

# Rationale for this change

# What changes are included in this PR?

Pass std::string_view by value, not by const-ref
# Are these changes tested?

# Are there any user-facing changes?
No.

* Closes: #15171

Lead-authored-by: flynn <fenglv15@mails.ucas.ac.cn>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Pitrou <antoine@python.org>
Signed-off-by: Yibo Cai <yibo.cai@arm.com>